Abstract

In microgravity environment that is in space or during prolonged bed rest, the reduced mechanical loading on bones results in decreased bone mineral density. In a micro gravity environment, atrophy of muscles takes place. Gravity impacts venous return as well as cardiac preload and influences stroke volume as well as cardiac output. During standing, heart works harder to pump blood against gravity. To counteract the gravitational force on blood circulation, the body's cardio vascular system implies mechanisms such as vaso constriction and muscle contractions to help in returning blood to the heart. Ab enhanced gravitational force results in higher bone density and mineralization. In micro gravity environments, such as in space, some astronauts

Description