Abstract

Algal blooms, often referred to as harmful algal blooms (HABs) when they produce toxins or cause ecological damage, are a prevalent phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. This review presents a comprehensive overview of algal blooms, encompassing their various types, causes, ecological impacts, detection methods, and potential mitigation strategies. The paper delves into the complex interplay of environmental factors, nutrient loading, and specific algal species that contribute to bloom formation. It further explores the diverse array of ecological and economic consequences of HABs, including fish kills, shellfish poisoning, and disruptions to tourism and recreation. Additionally, the review examines various techniques employed for bloom detection and monitoring, ranging from traditional microscopy to advanced remote sensing technologies. Finally, it delves into potential mitigation strategies, including nutrient management, biological control methods, and physical removal techniques. By providing a thorough understanding of algal blooms, this review aims to inform scientific research, management practices, and public awareness of this critical environmental issue.

Description